INTRODUCTION:

In the last decade, there are a wide range of cultures that have prominently made use of the prefix "nano". In recent years, nanoparticles have been introduced to several kinds of items, devices, processes, drugs, and cosmetics. Nanotechnology is a field of contemporary science evolving tremendously from 1990s. Nanosciences is essentially an emerging field of applied science which studies in the area of smaller and smaller substances. In the field of nanosciences, there are many co-existing systems, computational techniques, and theories as nanomaterials, which sit in the region between the micro and the nano stage. Thus, the field of nanoscience encompasses a vast range of topics, sizes, structures and functions. This term could indicate that during any sort of study they would have to look at particles in the nano-meter scale.

The science of the nanosecond is, as the name implies, the science of the very few. X-rays are electric waves that offer an image of matter on a limited scale. The scale of a cell plays a part in the way it performs. Big cells can do more roles than cells of the same size. In the diverse fields of goods and technology, experiments in nanotechnology and nanoscience have been performed rapidly in recent years. Presently, there is tremendous scope for materials of all sorts (everything) to be developed where traditional methods (tests, tests, tests) are not effective. Nanotechnology is not meant to be an all-encompassing science, instead it is a real-world encompassing technology. Nanotechnology is often referred to as 'simple research,' this doesn't simply mean that it is made up of smaller and smaller objects. The bulk goods of production utilize these exact particles to accomplish their unique function and their goods are also made up of these particles. Nanotechnology is the design, produce and use of atomic, molecular and macromolecular scale materials for the production of modern nanosized materials.^1,2

Nanoparticle pharmaceuticals are known as solid, sub microscopic sized drug carriers that may or may not be biodegradable. (less than 100 nm in diameter). A composite name for all nanocapsules and nanospheres is the term is the term nanoparticle. Nanospheres are a matrix structure in which the medication is dispersed equally, whereas nanoscale capsules are structures in which a special polymeric mask protects the drug. This is a description and study of how nanoparticles are being studied and classified, their processing processes, classification, implementations, outside health factor, and some of their side effects.^1,3

Advantages of Nanoparticles:

1. These goods are suitable for different forms of administration.

2. There is a high abundance of "Nanoparticles" in the air.

3. Stable commodity makes things easy to catch if you need to take it fast.

4. This system may maintain various patterns of drug release and control them.

5. It may be used for combined treatment where the co-delivery of two or more medications is necessary.

6. There are medicines that can be combined with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.

7. The system will increase bioavailability of drugs.

8. Through injecting the E-Cig into the body, photography is feasible.

9. Pharmacies are used as a delivery location for medication for targeted products.

10. The development of safer modern drugs.⁴

Disadvantages of Nanoparticles:

1. The expense of chemical manufacturing is high, but the total commodity cost is often high.

2. Acting with the solvents is particularly dangerous which allows them to eliminate the original preparation to the finished product.

3. Many with poor immune response and allergic reactions in the body will grow.

4. The widespread usage of is as a stabilizer of poly (vinyl alcohol) could have issues with toxicity.

5. When tiny particles expand in volume due to their small size and high surface region, nanoparticles are hard to handle without first being in a physical state.⁴

Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles: Mechanism:

The creation of green and environmentally safe nanoparticles is the biosynthesis of tiny microbes by microbe cells. For the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, different types of microorganisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes are utilized. Steel, aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, zirconium, palladium, iron, and cadmium, and oxides of the metals, including titanium, copper, magnesium, etc. Bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and algae are some of the microorganisms found in the body. Nuclei can be synthesized intracellular and extracellularly depending on the type of particles.^5,6,7

Fig No 1: Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles

1. Intracellular Synthesis of Nanopartical by Fungi:

This process requires allowing connected ions to penetrate a cell and in the presence of controlled enzymes these ions must diffuse to become nanoparticles. The nanoparticles that are produced by this organism are smaller than the nanoparticles that typically are produced inside the gap between two red blood cells. The minimum size limit is possibly related to the nucleating particles that are inside the species.^5,8

2. Extracellular Synthesis of Nanopartical by Fungi:

Compared to intracellular synthesis (synthesizing nanoparticles in cells), extracellular synthesis (synthesizing nanoparticles outside of cells) has more practical applications as it is void of unwanted adjacent components from the cell. Fungi are known mainly to produce, build and make up nanoparticles because of their immense secretory components involved in the reduction and capping of nanoparticles, or the absorption of nanoparticles.^5,8

3. Microbes for Production of Nanoparticles:

Inorganic materials are either intra- or extracellularly formed by both single and multicellular organisms^5,9. Metals are constantly ingested and must be made in the form of nanoparticles. In the search for new products, nature has supplied microorganisms with the capacity to control the making of nanoparticles. Fungi have been used at the core of studies on the biological development of metallic nanoparticles because of their tolerance to and metal bioaccumulation potential.^5,10

Mechanisms of Drug Release:

By means of antimicrobial polymeric drug delivery methods, the drug is administered by one of the three general pathways at the tissue site.

a) Crystalline nanoparticles of the polymer gelosomes are swollen and they release from their polymers through diffusion.

b) Release of the medication from a distribution site in the inner center of the polymer, either through a chemical breakdown triggering rupturing or cleavage or by deterioration at the supplied to the brain or through usage of an enzyme function that causes rupture or cleavage.

c) The substance is being isolated from the filament, and then is being assisted un-adsorbed into the nanoparticle.^1,11

Classification of Nanoparticles:

Fig No. 2: Classification of Nanoparticles

Types of Nanoparticles:

Silver:

Because of its strong antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria, viruses, and other eukaryotic microorganisms, silver nanoparticles have proven to be the most efficient. They are certainly among all the most commonly used nanomaterials, being used as antimicrobial agents, for water treatment, sunscreen lotions, etc. in the textile industry. We've recently discovered methods in plants that compensate for the lack of silver nanoparticles and are being used to suffuse plants such as peppers, papayas and eggplants.

Gold:

To recognize the protein-antibody interaction in an immunochemical experiment, gold nanoparticles (Gold NPs) is used. They are used in DNA fingerprinting as one of the markers in quantity to detect the presence of DNA in a sample. They are being used as bedside tests to determine whether a patient had cancer in the past, and whether he or she has other types of cancer in the future. They are also being used as clinical tests that can be used as tests to detect certain types of cancer or as the cause of certain cancers.

Alloy:

The structural properties of nanoparticles that are different from their bulk properties are shown by alloy nanoparticles. Since the elemental metal Ag has the highest electrical conductivity among metals, and its oxides are relatively much better conductorable than most other metals, Ag (metal) flakes are the most commonly used. Both metals (RZM-manganese and TiC) affect the properties of bimetallic core-shell NPs, and they both show more advantages over the ordinary metallic NPs.

Magnetic:

It is well known that magnetic nanoparticles such as iron oxide (Fe3O4) and iron oxide (maghemite) are inert. There are several potential medical strategies to benefit people. These include personalized cancer therapies, experimental stem cell sorting, guided medication distribution, gene therapy, DNA study, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).⁵

Method of Preparation:

The method of storage and processing nanoparticles to prepare it for drug distribution is based on the drug the is being packed and on the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Nanoparticles are then prepared by a procedure such as:

Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method:

By expressing the nanoparticle with this robot, they are often prepared. In this method, there are two phases that are done. The first step in the method will be to emulsify the polymer, which would be dissolved in the water phase. While nanoscale evaporation occurs, the polymers are precipitated by introducing molecules or molecules to the starting fluid through using ultracentrifugation. Therefore, in the last stage, the precipitated polymer solution is extracted by centrifugation, and the polymers are dried. Eventually, the pure nanospheres are lyophilized for storage. The process of solvent evaporation and high-pressure emulsification is also used to remove the active ingredients of cannabis. Firstly, using a procedure of high pressure to homogenize a sample can resolve the problems involved with conventional liquid-liquid extraction. Secondly, the size may be controlled by adjusting the stirring intensity, the organic and aqueous phase viscosity, temperature, the shape and the volume of the dispersing agent. The technique may be extended to lipid soluble molecules; however, it will take a while to be responsive enough to limit their distance. Poly (Lactide) (PLA), Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), Poly (caprolactone) (PCL), PLGA, cellulose acetate phthalate, and E-caps are polymers that are used in this process.

Double Emulsion/Evaporation Method:

The biggest drawback to this strategy being that the hydrophobic medications experienced bad entrapment. The double emulsion procedure is then used to encapsulate hydrophilic medications, in which an aqueous medication solution is added to an organic polymer solution with vigorous shaking to create aqueous emulsions. This w/o emulsion is introduced into another aqueous process with continuous stirring for the creation of mixed emulsion (w/o/w). Then the evaporation solvent is extracted, and nano particles can be separated at high speed by centrifugation. The nano-particle preparation can need to be washed prior to lyophilization. There are several factors that go into this procedure, such as: hydrophilic drug quantity, polymer quantity, aqueous phase amount and concentration of the stabilizer. The creation phase of nano particles involves the following variables: particle size and texture.

Salting Out Method:

The water-miscible solvent is isolated using this process by using salting-out from an aqueous solution. The polymer and medication containing the salting agent (electrolytes such as calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or sucrose as non-electrolytes) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or hydroxyethyl cellulose as a colloidal stabiliser into an aqueous gel are initially dissolved in a solvent.This oil is mixed with water or with an aqueous phase in the water emulsion to increase solvent diffusion, suggesting the creation of nanospheres. Many parameters can be varied, such as electrolyte concentration, organic phase polymer concentration, stabiliser form, stirring intensity, internal/external phase ratio. In the preparation of ethyl cellulose, PLA and poly(methacrylic) acid nanospheres, this technique leads to high efficiency and fast scaling. For heat sensitive compounds, salting out can be helpful because this technique does not require a rise in temperature. The drawbacks of this technique are an exclusive lipophilic drug application and the lengthy washing steps of nanoparticles.

Emulsions Diffusion Method:

Another widely used technique is the emulsion diffusion process for preparing nanoparticles. This procedure illustrates how water-soluble polymers are synthesized by emulsifying an oil-soluble polymer in an aqueous phase, which provides the polymer phase with stabilization against the diffusive solvent, and likewise that the polymer-water saturated phase is stabilized by a stabilizer. Using these mechanisms, nanoparticles or nano particles may be synthesized by dispersing the polymer in an aqueous phase as a first step. Then the vaporized of air containing these nanospheres or nano particles is carried by air along with nicotine. When the nanoparticles enter into the deep of the body, they grow into the size of a vast. There are many advantages to this technique, such as high reproducibility (batch-to-batch), no homogenization requirement, high efficiency of encapsulation (usually 70 percent), simplicity, narrow size distribution and ease of scale-up.But some of the disadvantages of this process are: the large amounts of water to be separated from the suspension and the decreased performance of the encapsulation during emulsification due to water-soluble drug leakage in the saturated-aqueous external step. Examples of some of the drug-loaded nano-particles formed by this technique; cyclosporine (cy-A-); loaded nanoparticles of sodium glycolate; mesotetra (hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin-loaded PLGA (p-THPP) nano-particles34; and doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nano-particles.

Solvent Displacement/Precipitation Method:

The nature of a solvent displacement polymerization is the precipitation of a preformulated polymer from an aqueous solution and the penetration of an organic solvent into an aqueous medium in the presence or absence of a surfactant. Polymers, medications, and lipophilic surfactants are dissolved in a semi-polar water-miscible solution such as acetone or ethanol and then the aqueous solution containing a stabilizer and a"magnetic" stirring is poured or pumped into this semi-polar water-miscible solution using a magnetic stirring. Smaller than nano particles are produced by rapid solvent diffusion. This procedure involves adding pure solvent and decreasing the pressure in the container. The size of particles is also influenced by the rate of the organic phase being introduced into the aqueous phase. It has been found that both particle size and drug trapping are minimised by increasing the rate of mixing. For most poorly soluble medicines, the process of nano precipitation is well adapted. By modifying preparation parameters, it is possible to monitor the size of the nanosphere and drug release effectively. When changing the polymer concentration, the processing of smaller nanospheres results in good production.

Polymerization Method:

In this process, monomer polymerization is performed in an aqueous solution and the drug is inserted either by adsorption into the nanoparticles or by dissolving in the polymerization medium after polymerization has been completed. The nanoparticle suspension is then purified for polymerization by ultra centrifugation to remove various stabilisers and surfactants and re-suspend the particles in an isotonic surfactant-free medium. This technique has been documented for making polybutyl cyanoacrylate or poly (alkylcyano acrylate) nanoparticles. The formation of nanocapsules and their particle size are influenced by the concentration of surfactants and stabilisers used.

Coacervation/Ionic Gelation Method:

Diverse research has been done on the preparation of nanoparticles using biodegradable hydrophilic polymers such as chitosan, sodium alginate, and other types of gelatin. Researchers at the Tohoku University have come up with a way of making chitosan nanoparticles via the ionic gelation technique. The main therapeutic constituent of this technique is chitosan. The development of the technique connected with the method of preparation of nanoparticles, is that neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's or epilepsy may progress to a stage where patients may require this. The process known as coacervation of tri polyphosphate sodium tripolyphosphate happens when positively charged chitosan amino groups interact with negative charged tri polyphosphate producing a suspension with an order of magnitude difference in size. The electrostatic interaction between two aqueous phases contributes to the formation of coacervates, while ionic interaction conditions result in the transition from liquid to gel due to ionic gelation at room temperature.¹²

Characterization of Nanoparticles:

Particle Size:

The most important characterisation parameters for nanoparticles are the distribution of particle size and morphology. Electron microscopy measures morphology and scale. In drug release and drug targeting, the main application of nanoparticles. Particle size has been found to impact the release of medications. Greater surface area is given by smaller particles. As a result, much of the drug loaded on them would be released to the surface of the particle, leading to the rapid release of the drug. On the opposite, within larger particles, drugs slowly disperse. As a downside, during storage and transportation of nanoparticle dispersion, smaller particles tend to accumulate. Therefore, there is a balance between the nanoparticles' small size and optimum stability. The size of the particle may also impact polymer degradation. For instance, with the particle size in vitro, the degradation rate of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) was found to increase. As discussed below, there are many tools for assessing nanoparticle size.

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS):

The current method used to determine particle size is photon-correlation spectroscopy (PCS) or dynamic light scattering, which is the fastest and least expensive method (DLS). DLS is commonly used in the nano and submicron ranges to determine the size of Brownian nanoparticles in colloidal suspensions. In Brownian motion, shining monochromatic light (laser) on a solution of spherical particles induces a Doppler change as the light reaches the moving particle, shifting the incoming light's wavelength. The size of the particle is measured and a definition of its motion in the medium as described in the previous step can be given. Its diffused can be calculated for a quantity of data, and its autocorrelation function as defined in the previous step can be used. Progressive air filters such as AirClean filter bags, air cleaners, and other similar aerosol processing and cleaning equipment use optical techniques to measure particles size and size distribution (PCS).

Scanning Electron Microscopy:

Morphological analysis with direct visualisation is provided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In morphological and sizing analysis, the techniques based on electron microscopy give many advantages; however, they provide little details about the distribution of size and true population average. Nanoparticles should first be converted into a dry powder for SEM characterization, which is then placed on a sample holder and then coated with a conductive metal, such as gold, using a sputter coater. With a centred fine beam of electrons, the sample is then screened. The sample's surface characteristics are derived from the secondary electrons released from the surface of the sample. The nanoparticles must be able to withstand the vacuum, and the polymer can be harmed by the electron beam. The mean size obtained by SEM is comparable to the complex light scattering results obtained. In addition, these methods are time-consuming, costly and often need additional distribution size data.

Transmission Electron Microscope:

TEM operates on a separate principle from SEM; nevertheless, it sometimes achieves the same quality of data. As a consequence, it is challenging to prepare an electron micrograph for TEM as samples are incredibly small, rendering procedures time-consuming and complicated. The dispersion of nanoparticles is deposited onto support grids or films. Using either a negative staining content, such as phosphotungstic acid or equivalents, uranyl acetate, etc, or plastic embedding to allow nanoparticles survive the vacuum of the instrument and promote handling, they are fixed. The safest solution is to show the sample when it has been frozen in liquid nitrogen to the same temperature and the system prints out the sample's surface properties as it is sent into an ultrathin sample, equivalent to a 3D X-Ray with no objects about or other restrictions.

Atomic Force Microscopy:

In measurements of particle size, atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides ultra-high resolution of sub-micron level samples and is based on a physical scan of sub-micron level samples utilizing an atomic scale probe tip. By the instrument a sample topographic chart is produced by means of the forces between the tip and the sample’s surface. Samples are usually tested in touch or non-contact mode, whether the sample is porous or has a broad thickness. By tapping the probe on top of the sample, the probe quickly traces the surface of the specimen, and the probe hovers over the sample in non-contact mode. One of the greatest benefits of AFM is its capacity to model and track samples without any special treatment, allowing it possible to image delicate biological structures and polymers and to monitor their distribution of sizes. Because AFM needs no mathematical attention, it is the easiest way to imagine the distribution of sizes in delicate biological and polymer structures This is an incredibly beneficial feature of the nanoparticles-being-used-in-an-AFM method. The quantum-scale measurements that pick biological macromolecules brings tests the physiological measurements of the particles.

Surface Charge:

Because knowledge about the surface charge of nanoparticles is important to their interaction with the biological environment and their electrostatic interaction with bioactive compounds, integration of this sort of information into the nanotoxin is very useful. To monitor the stability of particles of nanoparticles, measure how easily the particle can dissolve in water. One indirect means to quantify surface charge is the potential change between the positive and negative surface. The potential difference is determined between the Helmholtz surface and the surface of the solid, which is the exterior surface. The zeta potential equation makes a variety of predictions regarding the consistency of the colloidal dispersion. High values for the zeta potential act as a representation of strong ionized species that may be used to predict whether or not the particle is stable. Regretfully, the zeta potential test will have to be done with an optical microscope, which will render the particle stable or un-stable. The negative and positive zeta potential may also be used as a valuable measure of whether the substance is actually encapsulated or covered on the surface of the nanocapsules.

Surface Hydrophobicity:

Surface hydrophobicity can be calculated with different methods, such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography, mechanistic biphasic partitioning, analyte identification through thermal ionization, interfacial contact angle measurements, etc. The surface analysis literature for nanoparticles has lately been publishing several modern innovative analytical approaches that are not occurring much yet. One of them is utilizing X-ray photon similarity spectroscopy of particles for these special chemical groups on their surface.

Drug Release:

While the aim of this technology is to distribute drugs directly to brain tissue or body cells, knowing the manner in which the drug molecules are delivered and their effective dosage would be essential. In order to extract such details, most methods of release involve the medication and its distribution vehicle to be isolated. The volume of the drug bound per pound of polymer is known as how closely the drug is stored, typically as a proportion of the overall mass of the polymer. The smaller the specific area of a drug-polymer complex, the lower the amount of drug held in the polymer. The procedure used in this study is classical analytical methods such as UV spectroscopy or high precision liquid chromatography following ultracentrifugation, ultra filtration, gel filtration or centrifugal ultra filtration (HPLC). UV Spectrometry (UV-analysis) is used to measure the quantity of a medication in your bloodstream. Drug release assays are often related to drug loading assays and are evaluated to assess the drug release process over various amounts of time.¹

Applications:

Nanomedicine will enable medication to examine for diseases, thus decreasing the amount of patients who need to be examined. With the use of microbes, you can create nanoparticles that are biodegradable and healthy for the setting. There is an opportunity to revolutionize the way biotechnology is manufactured which would make them smaller, simpler to ship and stronger. For example, they will be lighter and easier to clean.

Timed Release of the Drug:

To avoid unintended side effects, when a drug is delivered it must be stopped from spreading or diffusing from the particle and be kept bound to the particle when the drug connects to the target. Nanoparticles (which are also classified as nanoparticles) may be used in medication delivery methods without the usage of any needles because of some essential considerations, such as its smaller scale.

1. By covering the medication with nanoparticles, its bioavailability can be enhanced.

2. Reaching at a geographic region, attacking narcotics.

3. Supplying poor-soluble medications to render them more bioavailable.

4. Buffer materials that include disease fighting compounds such as dexamethasone and 5-fluorouracil doxorubicin, and paclitaxel have been successfully produced.

Cell Specificity:

By conjugating carbon nanotubes with less complex fluorescent or radiolabelled antibodies, enhancements to specificity may be achieved.

Internalization:

It is possible to internalise carbon nanotubes into the cells of mammals by utilizing surface functionalization.

Vaccine Delivery:

The conjugation of peptides with the vaccines could be used for vaccine distribution mechanisms.

Gene Silencing:

Highly selective therapies are critical for cancer treatment, since only particular cells of the body are modulated. In this case, the experimental therapy was handled with artificial silencing of the small interfering RNA gene. By mixing and reacting the functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes with siRNA and giving these a particular target, this can be achieved in the targeted cell.

In Diagnostics:

There are chemicals that are attached to nanotubes, which may be used to increase the performance of methods of diagnosis. Indeed, nanotubes are valuable in the construction of ultra-efficient biosensors. It achieves this since their physicochemical properties, among other things, allow for a high aspect ratio in their nature (which provides a large surface area/volume ratio). This enables the nanotubes to move more efficiently than other forms of material when it comes to being effective as a diagnostic and/or drug distribution method. The physicochemical properties may include the following: high thermal conductivity, which is unusual to insulators, high aspect ratio shape, high heat conductivity, ultrablack metals, metallic colour, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and semi-metallic action.

Nanotechnology in Medicine Drug Delivery:

Nanomaterials (Nanoparticles) are currently being produced (pending clinical studies) for selective nanovector applications, involving the transmission of medications, fire, light or other elements in the form of nanoparticle to particular cell types (such as cancer cells). Nanoparticles are manufactured such a manner where they are attracted to the diseased cells of the environment allowing immediate treatment of such cells. Not only can this method mitigate damage to healthy cells in the body, but it would enable for earlier detection of diseases. Another chemotherapy technique requires the injection of gold particles and drugs to cancer cells. A protein named DNAse1 attaches the gold particles and drugs together, but they are tethered to the cancer cells. The cancer cells are handled with a searing instrument to a degree where the gold particles are absorbed. The nanoparticles are immediately released from the drug molecules If the cancer tumor is illuminated by infrared light, the gold nanoparticles can consume the infrared light and turn it into heat. With the heat activation, the chemotherapy medicine goes haywire and goes to clean off the cancer cells.

Diagnostic Techniques:

Researchers are creating a nanoparticle that can be used to classify the most hazardous of tumors quite early. One therapy for some kinds of cancer are nanostructures, tiny particles able to carry cancer-fighting molecules to cancer tissues. The theory is that when these particles deliver their payload, bacteria are often provided the poisoned biomolecules that they may identify as lethal toxins. Which besides hitting the target tissue, can also be eaten up by the bacterium. In addition to the enhanced aggregation of proteins on the carbon nanotubes, the color varies. The test is intended to be inexpensive and fast in order to detect whether there is an issue in the brain.

Anti-Microbial Techniques:

Researchers intend to use a nanoparticle cream that includes nitric oxide gas to combat staph infection, which is hoped to destroy bacteria. Studies on mice found that by utilizing nanocapsules that carry antimicrobial agents to trigger chemical signals at the abscess site, the infection was substantially decreased. If the antimicrobial agent release initiates an infection, the burn dressing may be opened by covering it with antibiotic-containing nanocapsules. If the infection progresses, you will be able to handle it faster, reducing the amount of times it has to be modified.¹²

Future Prospect of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery:

This would have an impact for some period through therapeutic agents such as oral insulin, coagulation factors, growth factors, hormones and anticoagulants that are facing the problems of decreased bioavailability, decreased durability, decreased permeability through the biological membrane and the distribution mechanism of nanoparticulates. Nanoparticles may be utilized in the future of anti-tumor care, gene therapy or vaccination. For medicinal applications, nanoparticles, for instance, can be used. Work is being conducted to classify mutant genes among others that have elevated hormone levels as well as deciding whether nanoparticles will find answers to old problems such as bioavailability, solubility, release time, Immunogenicity, etc. There is a promising future for nanoparticles in the treatment of infections.⁴

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Received on 19.02.2021 Modified on 17.04.2021

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2021; 13(3):239-246.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2021.00040